Transition Definition and 544 Threads

Dear forum, let me tell you my story: I hold a BSc degree in petrochemical engineering. I'm 25 years old. I finished my university studies 4 years ago, graduated with honors and have been working in the industry ever since. I have a good job with a decent salary, I can buy stuff and support my...

Restricting to finite dimensional QP, suppose a system is in a state S1, an experiment is done, and state S2 is one of the eigenstates (assume all eigenvalues are distinct). The probability that the system transitions from S1 to S2 is p = Trace( S1*S2), using state operator notation. On the...

Homework Statement Let ##B_1 = {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}}, {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}}, {\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}} ## and ##B_2 = {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}}, {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1\\ -1 \end{bmatrix}}...

TL;DR: My professor asked me to graph the probability that a particle would be excited from the ground state to a stationary state with a certain energy E (y-axis) verse the energy of that new state (x-axis). I need help finding this probability as a function of E. Probability=|<ΨE|P|Ψg>|2 P is...

Hi! I have a question regarding making the transition matrix for the corresponding probabilities. The main problem I feel I have here is figuring out how to represent the probabilities in the question in the transition matrix. Like if something is 7 times more likely than something else.. Any...

There is a question that has been bugging and puzzling me for a long time and I wondered if somebody could help me to figure out what the answer is or where I am not thinking straight. Let us assume that the standard model of particle physics is more "right" than "wrong" and there is no such a...

Hello PF forum, I'm currently an applied math major and am in my 3rd year. I've completed Calculus 1 - 3, Discrete math, and the introduction course to linear algebra at state university. I did well in linear algebra and was engaged in it. I was engaged in discrete math but some of the topics...

I was reading through a paper on MASERs, and perhaps it is obvious, but I am missing how authors determined what type of MASER it is. For example, the observed signal itself has a period of days and the bandwidth is on the order of ##10^{-5}## Hz yet the frequency of the transition responsible...

Homework Statement Under the multi-electron electric dipole (E1) selections rules, state whether this transition is allowed or forbidden and state which selection rule(s) has been violated. for He: 1s1p 1P1-> 1s2 1S1 Homework Equations For E1: \begin{eqnarray*} Parity \ changes: (-1)^l\\ \Delta...

Let's say we have a transition from state 2p to 1s of an hydrogen atom's electron. The intensity radiated by the electron is given by I = 4/3 ωfi4 e2/c3 |< f | r | i >|2. If we take the the | 2 1 1 > → | 1 0 0 > transition for example, we must compute the following integral : < f | r | i > =...

Homework Statement Consider a quantum mechanical system with three states. At each step a particular particle transitions from one state to a different state. Empirical data show that if the particle is in State 1, then it is 7 times more likely to go to State 2 at the next step than to State...

Basically, I'm asking about loosely-bound electrons, e.g. everyday static electricity. Can their combined wavefunction evolve to a low-energy state "at once", so that they emit a single high-frequency photon, rather than multiple photons of energies suggested by the potential difference? If...

Why is the probability of one-photon loss from a cavity in the time interval ##[t, t+\delta t]## is: ##\kappa \delta t\langle \psi(t)| \hat{a}^{\dagger}\hat{a} |\psi(t)\rangle## where ##\kappa## is the decay rate. It looks like the Fermi Golden rule but it's not exactly it.

A very neat video showing a phase transition in rotating balls in a cup. Serves as a good analogy to other phase transions.

When an electron moves from higher energy level to lower energy level the energy doesn't released. But actually it should release. What happened to the in released energy?

See the title. I'm not sure that this is the right place to post this question, but I'm not sure it fits any better on any of the other boards. Let's say you have a phase transition. The correlation length will scale as: ξ = |TC-T|ν This diverges on both sizes of the phase transition. Now...

Hi, I wish to manufacture a transition tube from 4"x1" rectangular section to 3" OD circular section. The height of the part is 3" and is supposed be around 2 mm (.082") thick. Currently I am planning to manufacture this in a hydraulic press using (custom made ) end forming tools. The forming...

I am confused about the procedure for finding the transition functions given an atlas. I understand the theory; it's applying it to real life examples where I have my problem. So for example, take S1 (the circle). I want to use 2 charts given by: U1 = {α: 0 < α < 2π} φ1 = (cos α, sin α) U2...

Homework Statement Suppose that a turn of B-DNA in a circular DNA molecule with L = 100 and W = -4 becomes a turn of Z-DNA . a) What are the L, T, and W following the transition? Homework Equations L=T+W L=#bp/#bp/turn B-dna= 10.4bp/turn Z-dna=12bp/turn The Attempt at a Solution...

What is known about how long it took to transition from an opaque universe to the release of the cosmic microwave background?

Hi, guys. A type of problem that often appears is to find the relation between cross sections of some processes. An example would be: $$\pi _{- }+ p \rightarrow K_0 + \Sigma_0$$ $$\pi _{- }+ p \rightarrow K_+ + \Sigma_-$$ $$\pi _{+}+ p \rightarrow K_+ + \Sigma_+$$ To do this, I argue that...

The reason I ask is that the singularity involves a region of spacetime composed of a different order of magnitude than i suppose the region outside the singularity.

I'm looking for the theoretical calculation of the hyperfine structure transition frequency of Ca-133 which is used in atomic clocks to define the second according to SI-Units. Google, Google... there is a lot about the hyperfine Hamiltonian of hydrogen, but couldn't find none about that of...

Homework Statement Homework Equations 3. The Attempt at a Solution [/B] My confusion comes in with b/1, would it be going back to sigma inital since b/1=1? Also could someone explain what a finite state automaton is.

Homework Statement How do you change from the second step to the third step? Homework Equations http://i158.photobucket.com/albums/t103/nh4444/Capture_zpspyxdwdna.jpg The Attempt at a Solution My guess is that it has something to do with the geometric series. I am not sure how to proceed.

Hello suppose that we are dealing with a particle moving in an infinite potential well(a box of length L). Let the wavefunction of the particle be \psi(x,t)=c1\psi_{1}(x,t)+...+cn\psi_{n}(x,t) suppose that after measurement we find the particle at the energy eigenstate \psi_{1}(x,t). Now let's...

When calculating the mean lifetime of an electron in a solid under the influence of a perturbation (for example electron-phonon interaction) we often apply Fermi's golden rule but the rate always has to be weighted by appropriate distribution functions (for example fermi functions). These take...

Hi everyone, I am interested how is polarized light absorbed by a molecule or an atom. Unfortunately, I come to a problem in the derivation where a complex vector in a real space appears. This is something I never seen before and I do not know how to interpret it. Therefore I would like to ask...

Modelling the onset of decoherence in a subspace as a transition from this subspace http://www.ba.infn.it/~pascazio/publications/sudarshan_seven_quests.pdf (Section 10 is relevant) I am currently reading papers discussing the Zeno Effect. The linked paper discusses modelling a transition out of...

I know about quantum numbers and how we do it as 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,3d etc...but how do I find the number of valence electrons by doing this ? I watched so many videos about this topic and I still don't get it.Possibly because I am trying to learn the portions before even it is taught at school.Can...

I heard of it several times in colloquiums. But I still cannot grasp the meaning. What is the control parameter in this phase transition?

Hi everybody! I'm currently attending a community college in California and have a goal set to transfer to UC Berkeley. My current academic progress is a second semester of Chemistry and Trigonometry, so I'm quite a ways away from transferring (2018 is the plan). I'm looking into programs...

Hi, I am studying the dynamics of a trapped ion in a laser and am trying to simulate the dynamics via a quantum jump, in order to do this I need to know the allowed transitions that the ion external and internal degrees of freedom can take, being the number state (n) of the approximated harmonic...

Hi, Is measuring the temperature dependent conductivity a reliable way of determining the activation energy/ the dopant level of a wide band-gap transition metal oxide. Also does the activation energy in this case change with the dopants density. Thanks.

Taking a regular expression and converting it to a DFA with transition table, can you go backwards? I.e. take one of the rows of the table and determine what input string would be accepted for that row?

I have googled it and cannot find anything. Apparently the rule that transition metals want full or half-full orbitals is false. I understand why the 4s orbital would be lost but I don't understand why some d electrons would be lost. For example in Mn6+, the electron configuration would be [Ar]...

Hello everyone, What happens to an isotope in a metastable state which has heavy hadron components in it? Can the heavy hadrons in the nuclei decay before a gamma ray (from the isomeric transition) is emitted, or does the isomeric transition occur first, and the hadron decays after that? (If...

Hello, We often hear about latent heat of vaporisation for a liquid, which basically corresponds to the energy required to break the hydrogen inter-molecular bonds in the liquid phase to form the gas. I was wondering, what is the equivalent physical explanation for the latent heat of a...

Hi,I'm new here, and created my account solely for following question: Does the incompatibility between QM and Relativity indicate a phase transition at high energies? (as in: indicate more than a "could be")

Hi, Does anyone have any suggestions on how I could measure where the boundary layer transition is over an aerofoil. Preferably by flow visualization techniques. The flow will take place in a low speed wind tunnel. thanks

Homework Statement A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 5×1014 Hz and amplitude 103 V/m, traveling in a homogeneous dielectric medium of dielectric constant 1.69, is incident normally at the interface with a second dielectric medium of dielectric constant 2.25. The ratio of the amplitude...

Good day With reference to the following article: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00506468 The measured frequency is given as 2922742936.729(13)MHz but right at the end of the article, the following is written: "The hyperfine structure of the 1S level is well known and that of the 3S...

Homework Statement Given the 2 Matrices, find the transition matrices, Pd to c d = [ 1 1 0 ] [ 0 1 -1 ] [ 1 1 1 ] c= [ 1 0 0 ] [ 0 1 0 ] [ 0 0 1 ] Homework Equations Pd to c = [d] | [c] The Attempt at a Solution Pd to c = [d] | [c] [ 1 1 0 | 1 0 0 ] [ 0 1 -1 | 0 1 0 ]...

Hello. The measurement of electrical resistance as a function of the superconductor's temperature yields fundamental insights into its properties. The Critical Temperature, Critical Current Density, and the Critical Magnetic Field, can all be obtained through variations of a basic experiment. I...

Homework Statement Been looking but can't seem to find any comprehensive help on this. In the Hydrogen atom, what energy is associated with these electron energy transitions: a) N = infinity to N=2? b) N = infinity to N=3? c) N = 4 to N=2? d) N = 5 to N=6? I don't have any relevant formulas...

Homework Statement [/B] Hi there! This is a question from a practice problem sheet I got from the lecturer of my Condensed Matter 1 course. Below are the normal vectors to the {111} and {112} lattice planes: Homework Equations [/B] Bragg Condition: \begin{equation} n \lambda = d \sin...

So, according to physicsoftheuniverse.com, "In the centre of a black hole is a gravitational singularity, a one-dimensional point which contains infinite mass in an infinitely small space, where gravity become (sic) infinite and space-time curves infinitely, and where the laws of physics as we...

I was looking over a derivation to find the laplacian from cartesian to cylindrical and spherical coordinates here: http://skisickness.com/2009/11/20/ Everything seems fine, but there is an instance (I have attached a screenshot) where implicit differentiation is done to find $$ \frac {\partial...

Greetings, I am a master's student in engineering at Koç University(İstanbul/Turkey) and my bachelor's degree is in Physics from Middle East Technical University(Ankara/Turkey). After I finish my master's I would like to pursue a career in industrial R&D abroad; however, it seems that my...

what's the condition for absence of interband transition in uniform electric or magnetic fields?