Transition Definition and 544 Threads

I noticed that when I was younger, there was a much higher prevalence of bands having popular songs. I'm talking about the late 90s to about 2004. It seems in recent times that music have shifted towards solo artists instead of bands, I was wondering what might account for this.

I know that the nucleus can be considered a bunch of particles that constantly transition between protons and neutrons due to exchange. Given that, is it meaningful to talk about the "average" time that a nucleon spends as either a proton or a neutron before switching to the other? Or is that a...

Homework Statement I want to draw an LTS with as few transitions as possible. The basis for this are Hennessy-Milner equationsHomework Equations https://www.dropbox.com/s/ym3ygjdnhldz09r/HML%20Equations.jpg Those are the equations and how p1 is defined. The Attempt at a Solution...

Is there a direct reason that gold, silver, and palladium are so much softer than the rest of the transition metals? Gold and silver are especially soft. I could not think of any reason myself, or in a quick search of the internet. Everything that I've come up with I've shot down. Thanks in...

Homework Statement In rotations of diatomic molecules such as HCL, the hamiltonian is found to be: \hat H = \frac{\hat L^2}{2\mu a^2} where ##\mu## is the reduced mass, a is the separation. (a) Find the energy levels and separation. (b) Explain why rotational spectra of HCl...

Suppose you have an object sliding along a frictionless floor, but it's approaching a line where the floor changes from being frictionless to some constant coefficient of kinetic friction \mu_k When it is partially on the frictionless surface and partially on the frictional surface, would you...

This is a question about The Computational Capacity of the Universe by Seth Lloyd. It seems to me that arbitrary real numbers cannot be part of the state of the universe, since they carry an infinite amount of information. There are transition probabilities from the current state of the...

Hello, Wikipedia states: Phase changes, such as melting or evaporation, are also isothermal processes. I am interested in calculating the enthalpy of a given phase transition. If the process is isothermal, I would immediately say that H is 0, according to the following equation: dH=CpdT...

Dear all, I have calculated the rotationally averaged two-photon transition strength (DeltaTPA) using the CCSD response approach. Degenerate TPAs of ten excited states have been calculated. For most of the excited states considered, I got the positive DeltaTPAs, while for some excited states...

I'm currently on a career path I got into through an applied physics masters, but there isn't much of future in my particular field so I'm trying to switch. Additionally, I'm very concerned about climate change and I have a B.S in Electrical Engineering (with a minor in physics), so I'm...

Hello, Since I have no time to take ee classes, I plan to self study it. What are the suitable books I can refer to. Thank you

Homework Statement Part (a): Show the Commutation relation [x, [H,x] ] Part (b): Show the expression by taking expectation value in kth state. Part (c): Show sum of oscillator strength is 1. What's the significance of radiative transition rates?Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution...

Homework Statement How do you explain that crystalline melting temperature Tf of PE is greater than the Tf of PEO? How do you explain that the glass transition temperature of PP is lower than the glass transition temperatures of PVC and PS? Homework Equations None The Attempt at a Solution...

Homework Statement Prove the following theorem: Suppose that B, C, and D are ordered bases for a nontrivial finite dimensional vector space V. let P be the transition matrix from B to C, and let Q be the transition matrix from C to D. Then QP is the transition matrix from B to D...

Homework Statement Let So = {v1,v2,v3,v4} be a basis of the vector space V. S= {u1,u2,u3,u4} is a set of vectors defined as follows: u1 = 80v1 + 106v2 + 120v3 +164v4 u2 = 80v1 + 146v2 + 136v3 + 91v4 u3 = 90v1 + 143v2 + 122v3 + 70v4 u4 = 80v1 + 56v2 + 80v3 + 48v4 Find the Transition...

Homework Statement Part (a): Show probability to transit from state i to j is given by: Part (b)i: Use answer in part (a) to find probability Part (b)ii: Use time evolution to find probability Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Part (a) was alright, bookwork question on time...

I've been working as an ME for approximately 3 years and I'm not enjoying what I'm doing as much as I'd have hoped. I'm currently completing an MS in ME Control Systems, which I absolutely love (2 courses from completion). During my MS coursework I've taken a lot of EE courses on electric...

Homework Statement Let So = {v1,v2,v3,v4} be basis of vector space V. And S = {u1,u2,u3,u4} be set of vectors defined as follows: u1 = 20v1 + 46v2 + 116v3 + 170v4 u2 = 20v1 + 86v2 + 147v3 + 174v4 u3 = 30v1 + 89v2 + 59v3 + 81v4 u4 = 15v1 + 27v2 + 12v3 + 9v4 Find transition matrix A from...

Homework Statement let a= {a1, a2, a3, a4} and b={b1,...,b4} and r = {r1,...,r4} Also, b1 = 4a1 b2 = 8a1 + 7a2 b3 = 4a1 + 4a2 + 4a3 b4 = 9a1 + 5a2 + 8a3 + 5a4 and r1 = 3b4 r2= 4b3 + 6b4 r3 = 9b2 + 3b3 + 9b4 r4 = 6b1 + 5b2 + 3b3 + 5b4 Find transition matrix from basis a to...

Suppose that we have a body that is moving at a straight line, inertially wrt to another frame. If it starts to move in a circular way after that, what can be said about the motions of its points. Do all points have to deccelrate to achieve the circular motion, but in a different manner, since...

My knowledge on this topic is a bit sketchy. I realize that there is a whole branch of math out there devoted to checking whether a certain vector bundle is trivial or not, and I partly know some stuff about characteristic classes that seems to do just that (the cases of the Euler classes and...

Hi, I was just trying to draw a Feynman diagram for ψ' to χ_{c} states. So we have a electromagnetic transition. I feel tempted to just have c and \bar{c} coming in and letting a γ leave from one of the legs. But that looks like an incomplete Feynman diagram to me. Maybe I have to get two...

I am not understanding something from my textbook. This is related to Fermi's Golden rule. It's about what happens when the matrix element of the perturbation H' ends up being a Dirac delta for chosen normalization. Here is Fermi's Golden rule. \Gamma_{ba} = 2\pi \left|\langle b \mid H'\mid a...

Homework Statement For a laser, assume single mode operation, only lifetime broadening due to A21 and A1. Write out the rate equations for the atomic densitions N1 and N2 and the flux \Phi. Then there's a diagram where there's 2 stats. Pump rate is P, stimulated emission between 1 and 2 is...

Homework Statement An LTI system is given in state-space form, \left( \begin{array}{cc} \dot{x_{1}} \\ \dot{x_{2}} \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} -1 & 0.5 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{cc} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \end{array} \right) + \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0.5 \\...

Hello friends , I have some conceptual problems in understanding the difference between Minkowski spacetime and the spacetime of general relativity. The general spacetime of GR is defined as a smooth manifold which is locally like Minkowski spacetime . What does this statement mean ? Does...

Homework Statement Hey guys, So I have to estimate the temperature at which the classical / quantum transition happens for a 1m^3 box of air. This is done by comparing the de Broglie wavelength with the average distance between the particles - so basically the transition happens when they...

Homework Statement B = {b1, b2, b3} and C = {c1, c2, c3} are two basis's for R3 where the connection between the basis vectors are given by b1 = -c1 + 4c2, b2 = -c1 + c2 + c3, b3 = c2 - 2c3 a) decide the transformation matric from basis B to basis C. A vector x is given in...

After time t, the probability of monochromatic absorption of the ground state |1> to the energy state |n> is given by: |<n|1>|^2=4|U_{n1}|^2\frac{\sin^2((E_n-E_1-\hbar\omega)t/2\hbar)}{(E_n-E_1-\hbar\omega)^2} where U is the transition matrix. The claim is that as t goes to infinity, the...

Hey I didn't understand the transition below, I'd be glad for some help thanks

So a phase transition occurs when a system may minimize its free energy by spontanously breaking some symmetry. At least that is what I have learned from my current course so far. However I also did another course concerning phase transitions. In this case phase transitions were always...

Hi, I wonder if there is an elegant way of how to picture (or describe at all) the transition of free electrons (non-quantized, point-like charges) into let's say the bound ground state of the hydrogen atom (in which it becomes quantized and cloud-like). How does the transition occur ? When...

I recently graduated with a Bachelors of Science in Physics and want to attain the credentials necessary to qualify to take the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam. I am wondering what the best course of action would be. Do you basically need either an ABET undergraduate degree or masters degree in...

In the definition of smooth manifolds we require that the transition functions between different charts be infinitely differentiable (a circle is an example of such a manifold). Topological manifolds, however, does not require transitions functions to be smooth (or rather no transition functions...

Homework Statement I'd like to calculate the probability of a spin flip transition occurring in the ground state of neutral hydrogen. That is, the transition from parallel to anti-parallel spin configuration of the electron and proton. This transition produces the 21-cm line. Homework...

Homework Statement Evaluate the matrix element <U210|z|U100> where by |Unlm> we mean the hydrogen atom orbital with it's quantum numbers. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution So where I'm getting stuck is on the integral, because the "U" portion of the wave function is...

I would like to thank this forum for numerous threads discussing various ways to transition out of academia after getting a PhD in physics. However I still think that I am missing a key factor leading to successful transitions. I also have nobody to ask in person. All of my friends who got...

Homework Statement There is a solid that can be in two phases, with energies U1(S,V) = S2/a1 + b1V(V-2Vo) and U2(S,V) = S2/a2 + b2V(V-2Vo). Consider a phase transition between the two phases at zero pressure. At what temperature, T0, does it occur? Homework Equations T = ∂G/∂S...

When a photon is absorbed by an electron through a direct transition in a crystal, the crystal momentum of electron would not approximately change. Therefore momentum change of electron would neutralize momentum change of crystal. In other words, the crystal would gain momentum as well as...

Homework Statement The graph below (see attached) shows the measured magnetization against temperature at room pressure for the material Gd and for another material for use in a magnetic refrigerator at room temperature. 1)Calculate the expected change of temperature of a thermally isolated...

Homework Statement An atom in an excited state has a lifetime of 1.2 x 10 -8 sec; in a second excited state the lifetime is 2.3 x 10 -8 sec. What is the uncertainty in energy for the photon emitted when an electron makes a transition between these two levels? Homework Equations...

1.At constant temperature of 258K and constant pressure of 1.000 atm , super cooled liquid water (2.00mol) freezes irreversibly. Find the change in enthalpy(ΔH) by assuming that Cp,m of liquid water and ice are 75.48 KJ/mol and 37.15KJ/mol and are constant. (this problem was from my assignment...

Why can have transition metals unpaired electrons in their compounds? In correlates to their multiple oxidation states, but I still don't know the explanation of it, that would make me satisfied - I suppose it's mathematical, as molecular orbitals are creating. Or is there any explanation?

When a transition from valence band to conduction band happens (in a direct-gap material), how the momentum is conserved while the group velocity of electron is changed considerably?

I have a problem in finding the heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger in which Ethane undergoes a phase transition. I would like to find the Prandtl number of Ethane in the phase transition region. So far I thought I would use the following: Pr_av = x * Pr_g + (1-x) Pr_l Pr_av =...

Homework Statement A photon emitted during an electronic transition in a hydrogen atom has a wavelength of 486.2 nm. From what initial energy level (ni) did the electron transition? Homework Equations Energy = hc/wavelength (h = Planck's constant; c is speed of light; and wavelength is 486.2...

1. Regarding: Transition metals of the Periodic Table 2. Here's my question: the D-Block transition metals will always lose e- (& never gain e-'s) to fully fill (or half-fill) their d-subshells, right? 3. Given what I learned about stable, fully-filled and half-filled subshells...

So I was trying to understand how fluid flow is affected through a transition duct when I found http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/152/1/IJEMS%2014%281%29%202007%2012-18.pdf that was done. In the study it was noticed that there was a dramatic drop in velocity near the end of the...

Judging from the electron configurations, it appears to me that all transition metals in their normal state have 2 valence electrons. If it isn't, what are the valences of the transition metals, why can they have many different valences, and what are the 1B-8B columns for? Number of...

Hello, I was an electrical engineering student and knew how to utilize the necessary mathematical tools to solve anything that came my way. I always had a deep latent predilection for mathematics but due to some constraints I was unable to spare much time on improving my knowledge of the subject...