Paper Definition and 1000 Threads

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. A

    Ray tracing, regarding Turner Whitted's original paper

    As many of you may know, ray tracing was first introduced by Turner Whitted in 1979 in a paper titled "An improved illumination model for shaded display" (can be found on ACM digital library). On the 2nd page, in part 2 (Improved Model) there are a number of fairly simple vector calculations...
  2. Simon Bridge

    Is It Better to Run or Walk in the Rain?

    I am looking for other opinions on the following that has come to my attention: Seongtaek Seo (2013) Orthogonal Projection & Run or Walk in the Rain? European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 113 No 4 October, 2013, pp.560-570 Abstract: In this paper, we will find...
  3. MTd2

    Finally The Amplituhedron Paper

    http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2007 The Amplituhedron Nima Arkani-Hamed, Jaroslav Trnka (Submitted on 6 Dec 2013) Perturbative scattering amplitudes in gauge theories have remarkable simplicity and hidden infinite dimensional symmetries that are completely obscured in the conventional...
  4. interhacker

    Can a Research Paper on Classical Physics make it to a good journal?

    I am starting University in September, 2014. I have some knowledge already on classical mechanics as I took optional Applied Math courses (called Mechanics 1 and Mechanics 2) in my mathematics A-Level. I am also self-studying the book Classical Mechanics by Goldstein, Poole and Safko to gain a...
  5. F

    New to the Forum & Need Paper Subject Suggestions

    Hi y'all, I am new to the physics forums. I really like Astronomy and Physics. This is a sort of a homework question but I couldn't find the right category to put it in. I have an english paper due soon and I need to find a topic. The paper is supposed to be about a controversial issue. I've...
  6. E

    Could someone clear up the paper on casimir effect

    Hello, could someone please explain to me what happens between (3.6) and (3.7). In specific, I don't understand how substitution results in l^2/pie^2 and also what do they mean integrating over radial angle. And the x next to the dx at (3.7), where did it come from...
  7. Abscissas

    What is the Current Understanding of Monopoles in Physics?

    Homework Statement I am looking for reliable sources with decent information on monopoles, this is a freshman research paper. I am just looking for books websites and any useful information on the topic. thank you Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I've gone to the...
  8. N

    How many atoms thick is a sheet of paper?

    Well, what do you think? And why do you think what you think?
  9. Pythagorean

    Garbage paper makes it through several open-access journals

    I will, however, point out that PLOS ONE rejected the paper (yay!) and that some Elsevier journals accepted it (jab!) http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
  10. X

    How Can You Solve 10^x = 2 Without a Calculator?

    So, if we start with logarithm ln(2) assuming a base of 10, how would I solve this without a calculator? ln(2) 10^x = 2 And I get stuck there without a calculator. I could .. ln(10^x) = ln(2) x ln(10) = ln(2) x = ln(2) But that gets me back to where I started. So, how would I go...
  11. M

    This paper looks a bit sketchy.

    http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0511172v2 "Instantaneous Interaction between Charged Particles" by Wolfgang Engelhardt Submitted to Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie Has this paper undergone a good process of peer review? It seems in violation of Special Relativity.
  12. marcus

    Our picks for third quarter 2013 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the twenty candidates, please choose the one(s) you think will prove most significant for future research in Loop-and-allied quantum gravity. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstract summaries follow in the next post...
  13. Pythagorean

    Is it rude/ambitious to send your paper to people?

    Obviously the greedy goal is to increase your research impact, but is it considered rude or over-ambitious to send a paper you published (or rather, a link to it, to avoid copyright issues) to people who might potentially be interested in your research (and might possibly cite it in the future)?
  14. L

    Anyone seen any neat physics paper for a casual talk?

    Hello, Would anyone happen to know of any neat physics (more preferably quantum related within the last year or so) journal articles which would be good to do a casual talk / mini colloquium? I've been trying to find something published in nature of physical review letters but some of the...
  15. P

    3 paper dots fall from a 3-hole punch

    3 paper dots fall from a 3-hole punch. what is the probability they will land forming a perfect equilateral triangle on the floor x-y plane? Assume the dots are point source singularities, real dots take up space. don't grid the floor because that will constrict rotations. I don't think...
  16. S

    Research paper citation question.

    Does anyone know what citation I should use for an academic paper in biochemistry?(like MLA, ALA, or what?)
  17. S

    Research paper citation question.

    Does anyone know what citation I should use for an academic paper in biochemistry?(like MLA, ALA, or what?)
  18. Ryan_m_b

    Can Anyone Learn to Understand a Scientific Paper?

    I came across this blog entry on how to read and understand a scientific paper and thought I'd share it here. It's very accessible and right on the money IMO, especially point 2 which is very basic but I often see people fail to do. Enjoy all :smile...
  19. K

    Primary reference paper for presentation

    Hi all! I am a first year BS-MS student and I need to make a presentation on a paper or a review article from a primary reference journal. The broad topic is particle physics. I searched on Physical Review D, Nature and Science but couldn't get anything which was not too mathematical...
  20. Greg Bernhardt

    Visualisation of every paper on the arXiv

    A map of 865,906 scientific papers from the arXiv Click here for the big map http://paperscape.org/
  21. T

    Make Filter Paper from Feathers: Expert Advice Needed

    feathers have the same properties as wool.. i am planning to make filter paper out of feathers but i have no idea of what process to be used.. kraft pulping process are for woods.. how about nonwood?.. anyone who are expert in pulping process can help me.. thanks!
  22. marcus

    Holography without string theory (new paper by Don Marolf)

    This was just posted on arxiv. It seems to be of general interest so here's a thread in case anyone wants to discuss it. http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.1977 Holography without strings? Donald Marolf (Submitted on 8 Aug 2013) A defining feature of holographic dualities is that, along with the bulk...
  23. Pejeu

    Advice and general guidance on writing and submission of a math paper?

    What can it be about? How do we ascertain the novelty of the intended paper? How should it be structured? Where should it be submitted and how? What can it be written in and what format should it be forwarded in? Any advice is appreciated. Thank you.
  24. jim mcnamara

    JPL News: Centaurs' Origins Revealed with WISE Data

    JPL news: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-234 Paper: http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/773/1/22/ Quick precis: Centaurs are smaller bodies orbiting out between Jupiter and Neptune, that have been difficult to classify. NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer...
  25. alyafey22

    LaTeX Publishing a Paper: Using ShareLaTeX for Generalized Fns

    I am in the process of publishing a paper on Generalized fractional logarithm and associated dilogarithm function. I am using the following site sharelatex which seems easy to follow and I like the idea of compiling online and converting to PDF so easily . Do you have experience with this site ? .
  26. inflector

    Paper: Constraints on Dark Matter in the Solar System

    Any comments on the recent N. P. Pitjev and E. V. Pitjeva paper: Constraints on Dark Matter in the Solar System arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.5534 MIT Technology Review article...
  27. A

    MHB Equation of page of unfolded paper with a crease

    Okay, I think I got the right sub-forum here. I have never posted around here, so sorry if it is wrong. I came here for some help with a math problem I need to solve for a GLSL shader for programming (math in the real world!). I apologize in advance if it seems I did not put a lot of effort...
  28. marcus

    Our picks for second quarter 2013 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the eighteen candidates, please choose the one(s) you think will prove most significant for future research in Loop-and-allied quantum gravity. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstract summaries follow in the next post...
  29. marcus

    Blackforest's question about George Ellis inflation paper

    Blackforest asked about an interesting paper recently posted by G.F.R. Ellis, that MTd2 spotted and added to our bibliography. I hope we can have some discussion of the Ellis paper. Unimodular gravity is a variant of the usual GR which is restricted to metrics which do not feel "vacuum...
  30. marcus

    Quant. stat. mech. based on general covariance (BHR's paper)

    Bianchi Haggard Rovelli just posted a landmark paper showing that QSM rises automatically from the GR requirement of general covariance. Yesterday in another thread Atyy identified their paper as especially interesting. I agree. http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.5206 The boundary is mixed Eugenio...
  31. M

    PBR Paper, Calculation of Outcome Probabilities

    I'm trying to understand the PBR proof as explained in their paper on arXiv (http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.3328). I'm having trouble following the calculation of the probability of measurement outcomes on page 6 (A7). Specifically, going from the first line to the second line of A7, they seem to...
  32. M

    Mathematical Integral in Neuroscience Paper

    Hi everyone, I'm having trouble getting a mathematical result in the following paper: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-88853-6_4#page-1 In particular, I can't figure out how they reach equation 7. They use equations (3) and (5), and I think they discard a lot of the...
  33. V

    Paper roller question - FBD etc

    Dear friends... During the last months I am puzzled by the following problem and I would like to kindly ask for your assistance, There is a device that I am trying to analyse and although the results do make some sense it seems that the experiments that I have done fail to replicate...
  34. DennisN

    Hydrogen Atoms under Magnification (paper)

    (PF members Salman2 and ftr have already mentioned this in two threads, but I think it deserves it's own thread :smile:) Hydrogen Atoms under Magnification: Direct Observation of the Nodal Structure of Stark States Abstract: To describe the microscopic properties of matter, quantum...
  35. marcus

    Criteria for causal independence (new paper, Planck data)

    I don't know whether this has much general interest. I am interested by communication horizons in cosmology, or causal horizons if you prefer. This paper claims to study several cases including how far apart two quasars would have to be to have been out of contact ever since the end of the...
  36. D

    Finding the time it takes to reach 55 mph on paper

    Finding the time it takes to reach 55 mph on paper. You have the horse power, torque, transmission gear ratios of 1-5, rpm range, drive ratio, and primary drive ratio, and weight. You know Velocity=[(RPM*tire radius*2pi)/(Drive ratio*Gear ratio*Primary drive ratio*60)] which is velocity in ft/s...
  37. N

    How to Calculate RPM for an Electric Motor on Paper?

    I am trying to design an electric motor and calculating how much electrical power it consumes is easy. Trying to figure out the horsepower it produces on paper is not. I can calculate the torque of the motor, but in order to calculate horsepower I need the RPM. Does anyone know how I can figure...
  38. romsofia

    What Should the Last Page of My QG Paper Cover?

    I'm currently writing a research paper on QG and its applications to black holes. Before I start on QG, i feel as though I should provide an intro to GR and QFT but I also shouldn't devote too many pages to them. So, where I'm at right now: I've discussed diffeomorphish invarance, discussed and...
  39. A

    Published paper proving that Carnot efficiency can be exceeded

    I've theoretically proved that heat to work can be converted at 100% efficiency by proposing a system, named as the Blue system. And I've also proved that the entropy of the universe increases even if this system operates at 100% efficiency. The implication of this being that the Carnot theorem...
  40. K

    Why is white paper white and not black

    Why is white paper "white" and not black I understand this may seem a silly question but I really would like to know. As far as I understand it (may be wrong) additive colours (visible wavelengths) when combined equally produce white. Subtractive colours, when all the colours are equally...
  41. R

    Can I co-author a paper I dont entirely agree with ?

    Anybody here co-authored a paper or been privy to the process ? A high ranking professor has asked me to co-author a paper with him on Artificial General Intelligence, physics and neuroscience, primarily because I am still at university, and was very enthusiastic about his general approach...
  42. A

    Confusing mechanics(Extracted from my university physics paper)

    1. Initially the system of objects shown in the following figures is held motionless. All surfaces, pulley, and wheels are frictionless. At the instant after the system of objects is released, m2 moves vertically downward. Caculate the acceleration of m1, m2 and M, and the tension T in the...
  43. S

    Testing Liquidified HCl: Corrosive Effects & Litmus Paper Results

    I had read that water is essential for any acid. When HCl is dissolved in water, it produces H+ ions which cause the litmus paper to change it colour! But if HCl gas is liquidified and then tested with liquid, what would be the results? As wel as this pure liquid HCl is corrosive or not?
  44. B

    Geometric sequence question in IB HL mathematics paper 1 november 2010

    Homework Statement The sum S n of the first n terms of a geometric sequence whose nth term is u n is given by 7n-an / 7n Where a > 0 Find an expression for un Find the first term and the common ratio of the sequence Consider the sum to infinity of the sequence Determine...
  45. A

    F.Tipler's paper about nonlocality and multiverse(mwi)

    Hello All, Here is the paper I'd like to ge opinions of. As for interpretations of QM I am open-minded agnostic.But: what about F.Tipler's article "Nonlocality as evidence of myltiverse cosmology", where he uses nonlocality and argue for MWI? Here: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1008.2764.pdf What...
  46. P

    Paper Folding Problem (Exponential Functions)

    Homework Statement The paper folding problem was a well-known challenge to fold paper in half more than seven or eight times, using paper of any size or shape. The task was commonly known to be impossible until April 2005, when Britney Gallivan solved it. A sheet of letter paper is about...
  47. B

    Struggling with a past paper question. DONT WANT ANSWERS JUST A NUDGE

    this is the question; it's just blown me a bit as there 3 materials involve the water, container and ball :s I don't expect answers, nor do i want them, I', just stuck and need a push to gte my head round it, what I've tried so far gave me a final temp of 20.00008 degrees c, guessing that's...
  48. marcus

    Our picks for first quarter 2013 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the twenty candidates, please choose the one(s) you think will prove most significant for future research in Loop-and-allied quantum gravity. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstract summaries follow in the next post...
  49. S

    Exploring GR: Topics for a Theoretical Physics Research Paper

    Hi people , i am an engineering sophomore. but after my undergrad i want to move into physics lane especially theoretical physics. for which i am doing ground works and building my profile ( as a non physics student , to get into good physics grad school i would need a good profile ofcourse !)...
  50. J

    How Do Satellite Sensors Impact Society?

    Hi, I need to write a paper for my statics class on any new form of technology and it's impact on society. Does anyone have any suggestions for a topic? Any suggestions are greatly appreciated. Preferably something I can find articles about. Thanks in advance!
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