Paper Definition and 1000 Threads

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. E

    Defining Quantities and Units in Scientific Papers: How to Handle Unusual Forms?

    I am writing a lab report as part of my degree and, of course, it must be in the standard scientific paper format. I have come up against something that isn't particularly difficult but something that you must get correct for papers. I am defining quantities and their units, however I am not...
  2. Etienne

    Science Fair *Investigation / Paper*

    So, I want to write a paper for this year's science fair. I wanted to ask, if anyone could give me a few suggestions on some cool topics? It doesn't necessarily have to be Chemistry, it could be Physics, Mathematics, Bio, etc. If anyone has some ideas about Food Chemistry, that'd be cool too...
  3. S

    Can anyone provide the FDTD paper on Two Dimensional Plane Wave implementation?

    Hi, I am looking for below paper. Already contact both writers but got no reply. Anyone who have this or can access this journal, can you please send it to me. Winton, S., and Rappaport, C. ``Implementation of a Two Dimensional Plane Wave FDTD Using One Dimensional FDTD on the Lattice Edges,''...
  4. KL7AJ

    Exploring the Fascinating Miller Effect: An Ancient Paper Analyzed

    http://www.mit.edu/~klund/papers/jmiller.pdf The Miller Effect has always intrigued me. This ancient paper analyzing the phenomenon shows some incredibly lucid analytic methods...something I think is missing from a lot of modern electrical engineers. I'd like to have some discussion on this...
  5. bcrowell

    Educational paper and video, Bertozzi, "The Ultimate Speed"

    I thought others might be interested in an old educational paper and fim demonstrating that you can't accelerate material objects past c. Bertozzi, Speed and kinetic energy of relativistic electrons, Am. J. Phys. 32 (1964) 551 The Ultimate Speed - An Exploration with High Energy Electrons -...
  6. C

    Suggestions on research paper on artificial satellites

    Hi PF community! I'm currently doing a research paper on artificial satellites, and I've made a list of things that I'm going to explain in it, but I'm worried that it won't be enough. So, I was wondering if you guys could help me to add more topics to my list and how to approach more widely to...
  7. 4

    Question on John Bell's Original Paper

    Hi Forum, I am trying to follow the math in Bell's original paper, and I am getting tripped up on equation (14). Does anyone know the mathematic legerdemain Bell used to go from the first equation below to the 2nd? \begin{align}...
  8. arivero

    Common ways of having a paper rejected

    This week I received a criticism of a short letter of mine, along the line of "the starting point is not well justified, and the rest of the paper are just calculations". It is not the first time that I get a critique in this format; in the first paper I got rejected, the referee asked "where...
  9. xatu

    Books for a Paper on "The Development of Newton's Mechanistic Universe

    Not sure if I posted this in the correct area, but hopefully it will be moved if I haven't done so. I'm here asking you guys if you know any books relevant to writing a paper on the subject of "The Development of Newton's mechanistic Universe - Principia (1687)." It's for a history class, so...
  10. C

    How to Improve Your 8th Grade Paper on the Collision of Two Galaxies?

    I am writing a paper on the collision of two galaxies. I would like advice on using the right method to complete this project. I have found some sites about the collision of the galaxies: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140826141130.htm http://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.4859.pdf...
  11. V

    Problem in the paper of van Zwet

    Hi all, Please help! I am reading the paper "A note on contiguity and Hellinger distance" by J. Oosterhoff and W.R. van Zwet. I have tons of questions. The following is just one of them. Question 1: in their paper, when they prove the asymptotic normality they claim that according to an...
  12. A

    Ideas for simulation based physics paper in high-school

    I have to write, with two friends, a simulation based physics paper at school. The problem is, that will I am quite familiar with the concepts of calculus and algebra, my friends aren't. So, we could find a good topic. The task is, to write a paper about a physical topic, with the use of a...
  13. Q

    How Does Quantum Entanglement Work in Physics?

    What is Quantum Entanglement, and what does it do? I attempted at learning via online articles.
  14. I

    How can I accurately measure the capacitance of a paper capacitor?

    I made two conductive plates out of aluminum foil wrapped around cardboard pieces i don't have a micrometer with me to measure to the thickness of my paper, so i just googled the average thickness of paper; also just googled the relative permittivity of paper..$$C=\epsilon_r \frac{A}{d}$$...
  15. C

    Chandrashekhar paper on white dwarf

    dear friends, can I get a link to the original paper by Chandrashekhar where he derived the limit for white dwarf? also you can suggest me other good papers deriving the limit. regards
  16. C

    Help With Research Paper And Avoid Plagiarism

    So about a month ago I conducted a short study with 3 peers and presented it in the form of a research poster (and was not peer reviewed). It was conducted at an astronomical observatory and the poster was "published" in their summer proceedings, but no paper was submitted to a journal or...
  17. mhob

    Does anyone know which paper that this figure come from?

    I was impressive with that paper but someone has deleted it from my computer, left only this figure from it.
  18. marcus

    Our picks for second quarter 2014 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the twenty candidates, indicate the ones you think will prove most significant for future Loop-and-allied QG research. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstracts follow in the next post. http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.7304 Entanglement entropy and...
  19. I

    Can paper be electroplated without damaging it?

    I am looking for a way to electroplate paper without disintegrating the paper. Is there a conductive "paint" that I can use? And is there some way to preserve the paper?
  20. D

    How Do You Write a Research Paper in Mathematics?

    Hi :) What are the basic steps of writing an article, doing a research on math? The one study a specific topic or topics, then you make some claims and try to prove them? Thanks :)
  21. O

    Why Does Water Rise in Empty Glass When Using a Paper Towel?

    Hello. I have a question. I have two glasses - one is full, one is empty. And I will take a long paper towel to them - the first end to full glass and the second end to empty glass to same height. A paper towel is absorbent. Water from full glass rises to empty glass. It will stop when the...
  22. K

    Choosing filter paper to extract an organic compound from HCl using gr

    Do I need to worry about the pore size, or can I just assume that any/all paper filter will remove the organic compound while letting the smaller HCl molecules through? The molecular weight of the organic compound is listed as "240"
  23. S

    New paper says universe not expanding - should it be taken seriously?

    Eric J. Lerner, long time Big Bang opponent, has published a paper that I don't really understand but claiming it indicates the universe is not expanding. Can anyone actually help to point out why or why not his observations should be given consideration? It was Published in Int. Journal of...
  24. Boxlife27

    Paper Rocket Parachute Deployment

    In AP Physics B, for our physics olympics, for one event, we are required to make a paper rocket that will be launched straight up in the air by an air compressor and pump. (60 psi) We have already assembled the paper rocket, with one cylinder of paper, a cone paper nose, and a load of tape to...
  25. M

    Verlinde's paper "On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton"

    Why did Verlinde in his paper suggest that information is a central concept in the emergence of gravity? I mean why information and not something else?
  26. saybrook1

    Term paper on historical physicist

    I've got a term paper due in a couple of weeks and I need to find a historical physicist to write it about. The paper will highlight his/her's contributions to physics and will be a bit on the technical side (including equations, maybe some derivations and proofs). I was wondering if anyone had...
  27. rpthomps

    How Is Linear Velocity AE Derived in a Scholarly Paper?

    Good afternoon, I am making way through this paper and I am having trouble "seeing" how the linear velocity AE is derived at the top of...
  28. naima

    A question about interferometry (Zeilinger paper)

    Hi all, I am reading this Zeilinger http://www.univie.ac.at/qfp/publications3/pdffiles/1996-04.pdf Look at fig 1. There are four detectors D1 D2 D3 and D4. When one of these detectors click, what does it mean? what is the state it detects? The author gives a formula in the first page. P13 = (1...
  29. G

    How to start writing a paper on Number Theory or Group Theory

    Hello :) That's my 2nd year in Math, and I want to start writing an article on NT or Group Theory. I know most of the basic GT and some NT. I still don't know residues/congruences completely, I face problems about understanding the theorems. There are a lot of theorems in these chapters and...
  30. M

    Erik Verlinde's paper on Emergent Entropy

    There is one paragraph that says: " Our starting assumption is directly motivated by Bekenstein's original thought experiment from which he obtained is famous entropy formula. He considered a particle with mass m attached to a ctitious "string" that is lowered towards a black hole. Just...
  31. N

    Engineer a precision positioning setup for a paper on a roll

    There are several parts to this effort. Bond paper roll being stretched between 2 paper feeders on wheel bearings Precision positioning of the roll to a coordinate system devised for that roll That is if the paper roll is 35 meters long or 35'000 mm and 914.4mm wide I could choose a point on...
  32. Brch

    Schools High school student submitting a paper?

    Good morning, I would like to ask for a piece of advice. I am in the third grade of high school, and I am thinking of submitting a scientific paper to A&A. I have made a lot of research on particle acceleration in Tycho supernova remnant, I have also won many competitions and mainly...
  33. E

    My favorite type of paper to work problems on

    I find that I will often go out of my way to get paper that I like so that doing problems is more enjoyable. As an example, I will avoid lined white looseleaf paper and go for yellow legal pad paper or just plain computer paper instead. Also, I have one favorite mechanical pencil that I do...
  34. H

    How Do Different Orders of Taylor Expansion Affect Free-Fall Landing Times?

    Hello fellow PF-goers As part of my high school curriculum I am required to write an extended essay on an academic field of my choice. I plan on doing a physics paper about the free-fall landing times of objects from high altitudes in a classical Newtonian potential. My plan is to separate my...
  35. M

    Non-academic and no paper reading career

    Hi everyone, I've recently completed a postdoc in the field of laser physics (photonics), the same field as my PhD. I was involved in both numerical modelling and experiments and have done well with quite a few publications. But I have never had a passion for my work, and I want to start a...
  36. A

    Need IEEE Security related paper of 2012 - 2014

    Dear friends, I am looking for an IEEE paper on Cyber Scurity(Computer Science) which range from come on any year from 2012 to 2014 . Please help me with a good paper URL . Waiting your fast reply. Thanks Anes
  37. marcus

    First quarter 2014 MIP (most important QG paper) poll-great selection

    Of the twenty candidates, indicate the ones you think will prove most significant for future QG research. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstracts follow in the next post. I've included two non-QG-related Dark Matter papers at the end because of the...
  38. S

    Finding the Normal Force on the Rod of a Paper Roll

    Homework Statement A large 16.0 kg roll of paper with radius R=18.0 cm rests against the wall and is held in place by a bracket attached to a rod through the center of the roll. The rod turns without friction in the bracket, and the moment of inertia of the paper and rod about the axis is...
  39. S

    MHB How to solve this dreadful quadratic with paper and pen?

    600*sqrt{1-a^2/400}=578-a^2/2 Shorter and elegant tricks would be welcome!
  40. K

    MHB Need help with a past exam paper and this txt book please

    John likes to play baseball with his friends in the local playing fields. Last week John hit his best shot ever. The trajectory of the baseball after he hit it can be modeled by the quadratic equation y= -x2/40 + 31x/ 40 + 4/5 where y represents the height in metres of the baseball above the...
  41. V

    Where to Submit my Oddball Paper?

    I have just finished writing a paper that deals with particle physics (primarily neutrinoless double beta decay), but also introduces certain innovations to important concepts in logic, linguistics, and mathematics. (For example, I propose that a new axiom be added to ZFC.) It is not a long...
  42. Whovian

    Parody math paper - defining properties

    Parody math paper - defining "properties" And no, I don't mean properties in the mathematical sense, but rather in the "everyday" sense. In a parody mathematics paper I'm writing, I'm trying to define the "properties" of an object as a stepping stone to defining similarity. If we let P(o) be...
  43. T

    Where Can I Find the Motivational Paper on Becoming a Good Physicist?

    I think I saw this paper that someone posted on PF a while ago that outlined how to get good at physics. I've been looking for it for a while but I can't find it... It covered how to study, how often to study, how to be a lifelong learner, and basically just how to be a good physicist... I...
  44. jtbell

    News If you're going to Sochi, be careful with your toilet paper

    You're not supposed to flush it down the toilet! :eek: https://twitter.com/wyshynski/status/430734034113536000/photo/1
  45. B

    Hawking's new paper - no BH, no EH

    2013 AUG Paper - Hawking "...gravitational collapse produces apparent horizons but no event horizons behind which information is lost." "The absence of event horizons mean that there are no black holes - in the sense of regimes from which light can't escape to ininity."
  46. S

    A paper about Planar Interferometer Arrays

    Hello, I have attached a paper about Planar Interferometer Arrays. Now I’m trying to understand this paper but something confuses me. I am very thankful if somebody can help me with it. 1: It seems to me that direction cosines and phase differences are 1:1 correspondent, that is, a phase...
  47. Q

    LaTeX Latex/Lyx: not just retyping from paper, but live problem-solving?

    Has anyone tried to use software not just for typing math to produce good-looking documents after solving problems/doing research with paper&pencil, but for actually doing research/problem solving with lots of maths directly in electronic form? Has anyone managed to have the same productivity as...
  48. marcus

    Our picks for fourth quarter 2013 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the twenty candidates, indicate the ones you think will prove most significant for future QG research. I've included two papers from earlier in the year which I mistakenly overlooked when they first appeared. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers...
  49. KiNGGeexD

    Polarisation past paper question

    Question For (i) I assumed that the light was plainly polarised as there is only a difference in amplitude For (ii) There is a negative sign infront of the amplitude which I ignored as it doesn't change the polarisation but one is cos and the other is sin, so there is a phase shift of...
  50. F

    Seeking suggestions for journals to publish paper

    I am a undergraduate student now and I have joined in a project in my college. I was assigned a job to simulate the deformation of an elastic membrane given the boundary and the exerted forces on it. It seems to be a homework problem and quite fundamental, but I really have spent much time on it...
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